Tuesday, 22 September 2015

Beside The Lake

Once again, I thought I would upload a short story. This one is quite as well written as some of the others I have published but it hints at a insight about the nature of madness that is quite important. As I have said about the other stories I have published, if you want to apply my narrative theory to it, you are most welcome to try.

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                     Beside the Lake


In retrospect, the realization that her husband Gordon had been replaced by an impostor had not occurred to Bethany all at once. It was a thought that had passed fleetingly through her mind a number of times in the past several months but which she no sooner entertained than immediately suppressed. Nevertheless, a multitude of small signs pointed to it - to some kind of physical usurpation. Gordon’s wry comments about local government politics over the newspaper in the morning, his habit of leaving dirty tea-cups perched on the railing of the deck, even the perfunctory way he called her “darling” before leaving for his job at the Coast Guard at eight AM– all of these gestures seemed contrived, factitious, as though he were an actor who had learned his part too well. The suspicion that her husband was her husband no longer had incubated a long time in her mind before hatching into a sure conviction.
            Bethany and Gordon had been married for ten years. They harboured no children. Early on after their wedding, they had both looked forward to the idea of raising a family but, after Bethany’s medical condition had been diagnosed two years into their marriage, they had mutually agreed that having children might be an unwise idea. Gordon worked long hours in a managerial position at the Coast Guard and often would not return home until after six at night. During the day, Bethany had her routine. In the morning, she would complete the Sudoku and then do the housework if any needed to be done. Often she would walk to the local Delicatessen to purchase genuine Italian pasta and fresh herbs. Bethany had no friends and did not particularly want any: her life revolved around her husband. For a time, she had occupied a casual position working one day a week for the local florist but, deciding that it made little difference to her life whether she worked or not and feeling no authentic connection at all to her workmates, she had quietly resigned. Gordon’s income was quite sufficient for both of them. All in all, Bethany felt not unsatisfied with her life. They lived in an affluent suburb and voted National every three years.
            In the evening, Bethany would cook dinner in the well-established expectation of her husband arriving home at six. She varied her menu considerably: sometimes Spanish, sometimes Greek, sometimes even Moroccan. Her preferences circumnavigated the Mediterranean. Planning and cooking the evening meal was the chief pleasure of her day. Gordon would let himself in the front door at six, hang his coat on the hook in the hall and sit down to the meal she had prepared. When he had finished, he would lean back, burp delicately and say, “Delicious, as always.” Ten years ago, after their wedding, they had honeymooned in Bali. It was a memory that Bethany cherished.
            It was not just the fact that Gordon’s mannerisms had taken on a counterfeit quality that persuaded Bethany that her husband had been replaced by an impostor. A multitude of more concrete signs strongly intimated that some kind of massive realignment had occurred. Gordon’s routine, his once dependably predictable daily habits, had altered. Often he had started staying later at work, sometimes not coming home until nine or ten. At weekends, he would occasionally receive a call and, giving some vaguely spurious sounding explanation of being needed at the office, would leave for hours; in the past, he was never called in during the weekend. One day, when she was laundering his second-best jacket, Bethany discovered a receipt in its pocket for an Indian restaurant in town. The restaurant was called Authentic Taste. Gordon had never mentioned going there to her and Bethany did not believe the real Gordon would ever dine at a place like that. Bethany knew for a fact that her husband hated Indian cuisine.
            One evening, Gordon returned from work and sat down as usual at the table. They ate dinner with the television on ­– Bethany was more or less indifferent to the news but Gordon liked to stay in touch with current affairs. When he had finished he pushed the plate towards the centre of the table and said, carefully, “Bethany, just so you know, I have a conference in Nelson in a couple of weeks’ time. I’ll be away for three days.”
            “Do you want me to come with you?” In the past, Bethany had always accompanied Gordon to such events.
            Gordon avoided her eyes. “Not this time. I don’t think you’d be particularly interested in a bunch of middle-aged men discussing weather warnings and channel markers. I think it’s best if I go by myself.”
            Bethany collected the plates, took them into the kitchen and started scrubbing them under running water from the tap. All of a sudden, an inexplicable stab of anger passed through her. She returned to the living room with scrubbing brush in hand.
            “Gordon – do you remember when we were in Bali, the boys who would run along the side of the road trying to sell us beads?” Bethany wasn’t sure why she felt this was the question she had to ask.
            Gordon shrugged uncomfortably, again avoiding her eyes. “Not particularly. You’ve always had a better memory than me.”
            That night, after they went to bed, Gordon made love to her. It was another change in his routine: in the past, he had only wanted sex a couple of times a week but now he seemed to want it every other night. He started by pawing at her upper thigh and the cleft between her legs before climbing on top of her. Bethany lay on her back, watching his left shoulder pistoning backward and forwards. After a couple of minutes, “Gordon’ grunted, rolled off her and was almost immediately asleep, snoring nasally.
Bethany lay on her back and stared into the blackness. Terrible thoughts raced through her head. For the first time, she decided to seriously contemplate the idea that an impostor had replaced her husband and that the man who was lying in bed with her was a stranger. The detail of his not remembering the boys in Bali was the final confirmation: the real Gordon would never forget something so important. They were trying to trap her or manipulate her in some fashion. The impostor looked almost exactly like Gordon – she wondered how They had managed it. Of course, doctors could perform miracles with cosmetic surgery these days. She tried to imagine where the real Gordon was. Perhaps, she thought, he was in an underground prison somewhere, perhaps somewhere in Guantanomo Bay, put there by the CIA, calling out her name, imploring her for help. What did They want of her? Did They want to use her as a breeding sow?  After all, the real Gordon had had a vasectomy but Bethany had no way of knowing if the impostor had also had a vasectomy.
Bethany lay awake staring into the blackness for a long time.
Over the next fortnight, Bethany kept her insight to herself, behaving around the fake Gordon exactly the same way she had behaved around the real one. It was easy, in any case, because the fake Gordon acted almost exactly the same way as her real husband had and so keeping up her side of the charade was simply a matter of adhering to habit. And anyway, there seemed no alternative. She was afraid of what consequences might descend upon her if she exposed him as a fake. Many years ago, back when Gordon had yet to find his feet and they were living a two-room flat in Takapuna, Bethany had become convinced that there were electronic bugs in the walls of the flat and that They were listening to everything she said and monitoring everything she did; this belief, that she was under surveillance, had never entirely gone away but nor was it something she to which she had paid much attention in recent years. After the night when she had finally decided to accept that her husband had been replaced by an impostor, the belief that she was under surveillance strongly returned. There were microphones hidden in the light fittings and camera equipment installed behind the bathroom mirror. Sometimes she could sense a kind of darkness gathering all around the edges of her peripheral vision, at the perimeter of everything she saw.
One day ‘Gordon’ said to her: ”Bethany, are you alright?”
“Of course I’m alright, ”Bethany replied, putting on a smile she didn’t feel.
In her gut, she felt a sudden twinge of anxiety. “Why do you ask?”
            “Just checking. You don’t want to see a doctor?”
            “It’s nothing,” said Bethany. “I think I’ve come down with a bit of a cold, that’s all.”
            That night as Bethany lay in bed she thought about what “Gordon” had said. She wondered if that was their plan, that they wanted her to receive compulsory treatment as They had eight years ago. For three months when she was twenty-two Bethany had endured the torment of being confined to a mental health ward. Was that their plan, to drive her mad? Bethany would rather die than go back to hospital. She wouldn’t permit it. That night Bethany started devising a plan of her own.
            The next morning, a Saturday, Bethany fried some crepes with blueberry compote and, when ‘Gordon’ emerged in pyjamas and dressing gown (the impostor also slept in late on a Saturday), placed the plate on the table in front of him as if nothing had changed overnight. For herself she had half a grapefruit and a cup of tea, as usual. ‘Gordon’ read the paper while eating, as Gordon always had, passing comments on ferry disasters in Indonesia and the state of the economy; Bethany feigned interest as she generally did. On the surface, it appeared almost like a typical Saturday in the Neumann household, but, in reality, it was all artifice. Even as Bethany was asking ‘Gordon’ if he had enjoyed his breakfast, a part of her was observing her performance from the outside and laughing with glee at the subtlety and slyness Bethany was displaying in pretending everything was normal, that she did not know that he was a fake. If the impostor could play a part, so could she.
            She decided to put the plan into effect. “Gordon,” she said, pretending that it was a spontaneous thought and not looking directly at him. “I have an idea. I wondered if we could go for a trip today. I thought maybe we could have a picnic. Beside the lake.” 
            “Gordon’ looked at her quizzically. “We haven’t done that for a while. What made you think of that?” He seemed uncomfortable.
            Bethany wondered for a moment if ‘Gordon’ had recognized the real Bethany concealed behind the façade and knew that she in turn had seen through his imposture. It was a risk, suggesting a change from their usual weekend rituals, but it was a calculated risk, a risk she needed to take.
            “It’s just an idea I had. It’s something we haven’t done for a while. The weather’s fine and I think we should make the most of it.” She smiled, trying her best to project sunshine and relaxed good humour.
            After a moment, ‘Gordon’ shrugged. “All right. If you’d like to, I have no objection.”
            The lake was on the way to Raglan; Gordon and Bethany had visited it a couple of times when they were courting but they had not been back for a number of years. Bethany packed a small hamper with bread, pickled olives, salami, and cheese. She made sure to include a glass bottle of grape juice. They set off, Gordon driving. On the way down they listened to the Concert Programme. Occasionally, Gordon would remark on the passing scenery and the towns they were driving through. Sometimes he talked about work and his colleagues. Bethany responded as though she were interested. It seemed to Bethany that she had divided into two through some process of binary fission: one Bethany the fake one pretending that she was off for a enjoyable picnic with her husband, the other removed from the situation, hovering a couple of metres above the roof of the car, like some kind of winged djinn, giggling at the consummate skill ‘Bethany’ was displaying with her feigned fidelity. There was an edge of hysteria to this giggling.
            When “Gordon’ wasn’t talking, they sat in silence. Occasionally during these periods, Bethany would steal sidelong glances at ‘Gordon’, allowing her true feelings towards him to rise to the surface of her mind. What she felt towards the impostor was something more like loathing than anything else: she hated his too-casual Saturday attire, she hated the way he brushed his hair forward to hide his receding hairline, she even hated the way he smelled. She asked herself again when precisely the doppelganger had replaced her husband and tried once more, as she had many times over the years, to decide who They were.
            Many years ago, Bethany had nearly joined a Pentecostal evangelical church. This was back when she was at University, before she met Gordon, when she had friends who were members of the congregation. The friends had encouraged her to go to a meeting held in the sitting room of a large mansion in West Auckland. Bethany had attended more out of curiosity than anything else. The room had been full of young people; the pastor had delivered a sermon expostulating to the sinners in the room that if they failed to heed the True Word they would burn in hell. A young man being brought forward, the pastor had clapped the heel of his hand to the young man’s forehead saying “Do you accept Christ into your heart?” and the young man had fallen back into the arms of those around him in the throes of what appeared to be an epileptic fit. At one point during the service, the people around her had started speaking in tongues. To Bethany, the whole thing stank of fraudulence. After that meeting she never returned. But she had often wondered in the years since if it was the Church who was behind the conspiracy against her. She knew for a fact that it had the resources to mount a campaign to try to ‘save’ her– she had learned that it exacted tithes on its followers – it probably had ties to the CIA - and so if anyone could afford to put surveillance equipment in her house it was the Church. Perhaps They would remain unsatisfied until They had recruited her? When she had attended that one meeting she remembered, she had put her name on a list.
            “Gordon’ had been silent for some time, lost in thoughts of his own. Suddenly he began to speak, ruminatively, as though talking to himself.
            “Life is funny, isn’t it? One day you’re eighteen, chasing skirts and getting drunk with your mates and the next you’re thirty-two with a mortgage and a job with no prospects of advancement. Life has a funny way of sneaking up on you. After a while, you reach a point where you feel a need to reassess your priorities. What do you want? Where do you want to go? Do you want to be stuck in the same old rut forever? It’s strange – I wish I could go back in time to speak to my old eighteen year old self and give him some advice about what to do and what not to do.”
            It was a strange speech and Bethany permitted herself a suspicious glance at her ‘husband’. What did he mean? And how did it relate to her? It was uncharacteristic and so perhaps a sign that the impostor was losing his grip.
            “Well,” she said at last. “Everyone has moments like that from time to time.”
            The ‘lake’ wasn’t really a lake at all. It was more a kind of basin at the base of a thirty-foot waterfall, surrounded by native bush on all sides. There were open grassy spaces not only around the pool at the base of the cataract but also at its head, and a couple of monitory signs advising against swimming in the pool. One of the reasons Bethany had suggested the lake was that she felt that it was unlikely for surveillance equipment to be hidden anywhere in such an environment. Additionally, no one else was likely to be present. No one could possibly interfere with her implementation of the Plan. She set up their picnic at the top of the falls, spreading out a blanket and laying the condiments out on it. ‘Gordon’ sat down with his legs outstretched. There was no way he could know that he had become a pawn in her game. Bethany perched cross-legged across from him.
            “You know,” said ‘Gordon’ suddenly. “I’ve been thinking about the boys in Bali. I do remember them after all.”
            For a moment, Bethany felt a moment of doubt. Perhaps he was the real Gordon after all?
            Gordon paused and then said, “There something I’ve been meaning to talk to you about, Bethany.”
            “What is it?”
            “It’s difficult for me to know where to start.”
            “Shall we have a couple of glasses of grape juice first?”
            “Okay. I think it can wait a couple of minutes longer.”
            Bethany walked to the boot to collect the bottle of grape-juice. As she crossed to the car, she felt a pang of terrible triumph: the man pretending to be her husband had finally betrayed himself an impostor after all. The real Gordon never had anything significant or surprising to tell her. She picked up the bottle by the neck and walked back. Gordon sat staring away from her across the valley. Right before she struck ‘Gordon’ as hard as she could with the bottle across the back of his head, she heard a voice. It said “Do you accept Christ into your heart?”
            The impostor wobbled, put a hand to the back of his skull and then slumped on his back unconscious. The Plan had succeeded.
            After that the rest was simple. Bethany used a tarpaulin that she took from the boot of the car to wrap Gordon up, filled it with stones and tied it securely. Dragging the impostor to the head of the cataract was difficult but not impossible and, after a couple of minutes, Bethany had succeeded in pushing him over the edge. The impostor plummeted into the basin and immediately sank, Bethany sinking with him, down into inky black darkness, down into the nightmare. Down into a dense black space full of images of pagodas, beaches and boys who ran along the side of the road wanting to sell beads.


Saturday, 19 September 2015

On Dreams


Dreaming, like the reason for people's appreciation of music, is one of the deeper mysteries of the human condition. We all dream, several times every night apparently, but it is usually only the dream we are having shortly before we wake that we remember and even then usually only for a few moments. We spend a huge segment of our lives wrapped up in often the most bizarre fantasies and yet this night-time carnival, this nocturnal phantasamagoria, is something which, for the most part, simply evanesces away before we even rise from bed. What purpose does it serve? Why dream?

The study of dreams is known as oneirology. I am no expert on it – although I have read Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams and feel I at least have a layman’s understanding of some of the theories about dreaming. I have myself extraordinarily vivid dreams with high frequency. Last night, for instance, I dreamed I was brainstorming ideas with other writers for a sitcom – a fairly uncomplicated and pleasant dream for a change. Usually I have nightmares, either something as simple as an acquaintance’s severed head known floating into my house through the door or extremely dense complex narratives involving zombies and vampires and earthquakes. I take an interest in other people’s dreams and have found that some kinds of dreams are fairly common. Being forced to resit a difficult high school exam is a dream many people have had, as is the dream of making a presentation naked to a crowded room. Dreams of flight are fairly common, a dream Freud interpreted as being about sex (no surprise there). Kurt Cobain apparently used to dream that someone was trying to break into his house and I met a chap recently who had a recurring dream that Tom Jones was stalking around his property trying to find a way in. The commonality of some dreams evinces the universality of human experience.

 A dream of my own… When I was living in Dunedin immediately after leaving school, some fifteen years ago, I dreamt that I was in some American ghetto neighbourhood. Sirens and the presence of fire-trucks indicated that some major disaster or catastrophe had unfolded. A fireman presented a saucer on which floated a fragment, only a fragment, of a face belonging to a close friend of mine. This fragment said, “Andrew- I can’t feel my legs!” The dream was so awful that I decided that I could only be having a nightmare. Remembering, in the dream, that dreamers don’t feel pain, I pinched myself. I felt no pain, knew I was dreaming and forced myself to wake up.

The modern voguish theory of dreaming is that it is the brain’s way of processing, selecting and sorting the day’s memories, transferring salient ones from short-term to long-term storage. I think this theory is bullshit. Although there is apparently some statistical evidence that most dreamers supposedly tend to dream about their experiences of the previous day, my own dreams are far too bizarre to fit this theory at all. Generally my dreams relate to my preoccupations, not to the previous day’s experiences. Freud’s theory of dreaming, by contrast, is that it is fundamentally concerned with wish-fulfilment. Dreams manifest desires that we cannot avow or acknowledge, even to ourselves, and so we conceal them behind metaphors and metonyms, employing compression and displacement to protect the conscious ego from the wild cravings of the subconscious id. I believe Freud is right in suggesting that dreams are coded communications to be deciphered but wrong in suggesting that they are all about repressed desire. Dreams also manifest anxieties and fears – perhaps nightmares sometimes have a cathartic function. We rehearse the worst in sleep so that, when we wake, we are prepared for it. If I dream that a loved one has died, is it reasonable to suppose that I truly secretly want that person dead? In fact, I believe Freud’s theory not only to be wrong but dangerous. If we interpret a nightmare as expressing a repressed desire, it may lead us to a faulty conclusion about who we are.

Another dream of my own… About seven years ago I dreamt that I was in a subterranean chamber. Flickering red firelight played hellishly across the walls. In the room with me sat George W. Bush (then still POTUS) and John Key, the Prime Minister of New Zealand. I was intimidated to be in the same room as them. Bush said to me, “We try to keep our club quite… exclusive.” As I said, being addressed by the American president was something I found quite intimidating, and I remember, in the dream, Key turning to Bush as if to say, “See? I’m not the only one intimidated.” I left the chamber and, in an antechamber, found myself in a circle with Nicholas Cage, Tim Robbins and a third, a slight shadowy figure that I couldn’t identify. They gave me a communion wafer which I put in my mouth – immediately I felt as though I had been stuck in the mouth by a lightning bolt. Tim Robbins said to me, “How do you like that acid?”

The ancient Greeks apparently believed that dreams were messages from the Gods or from dead relatives. Flaky hippies often espouse the idea that dreams are a form of astral travel. Perhaps dreams can foretell the future as well as refer to the past. For example, in the dream I just described, I believe that the shadowy figure was Jon Stewart, someone I didn’t and couldn’t identify at the time because I dreamt the dream before the Daily Show had even started screening in New Zealand, but someone who was to become extremely important to me later in life (for reasons too bizarre to explain in this blog.) I have had dreams that foreshadowed future events and other dreams that were almost revelatory. Dreams do not just tell us about ourselves; they tell us about the world we are living in. Perhaps, in sleep, we are plugged into the universal unconscious and, in sleep, we lose ourselves in the world-soul.

I wish I could offer a good theory of dreams.  I feel I have worked out a good theory of narrative and even a partial theory of music but a good theory of dreams eludes me. Perhaps there is no single theory that explains dreams – some dreams are explained best by Freudian psychoanlysis, others by modern neurocognitive approaches, others by more mystical interpretations. Perhaps the error we make is in looking for a single catchall explanation. Perhaps, perhaps not, perhaps… But it is both important and therapeutic to make the enquiry.

Friday, 4 September 2015

The Problem with Robert McKee

Today's post may be a little dry compared to others. One of my bugbears is with the theory of narrative promulgated byRobert McKee. In today's post, I am going to cut and paste an excerpt of an essay I wrote a couple of years ago when completing an MA in Creative Writing - it concerns McKee. It is double spaced because I don't know how to single-space it.

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[...]

What is a story? The minimal theory of narrative devised by Todorov (1970) is that a story begins with a fictional world in equilibrium, that this equilibrium is disturbed, that the characters must act to restore it and that the story concludes with the establishing of a new equilibrium. It is useful to compare Todorov’s theory to Campbell’s notion of the Hero’s Journey (1949). Campbell argues that the hero begins the story in the familiar world, that he receives ‘the call to adventure’, engages in some sort of quest through a fabulous world, overcoming obstacles but eventually reaching his goal, and then returns to the normal world with the ‘boon’ that he has won. Campbell’s theory sharply contrasts with Todorov’s. In Todorov’s theory, a single world that is in equilibrium is disturbed and then returns to equilibrium while Campbell’s theory involves two worlds: a familiar one and a fantastic one, the narrative involving a passage by the Hero from one to the other and back. In Todorov’s theory the state of the world causes the action; in Campbell's it is a summons from the other world.

In Story: Substance, Structure, Style, and the Principles of Screenwriting (1997), the influential screenwriting teacher Robert McKee proposes a theory that seems to combine aspects of Todorov’s and Campbell’s. McKee argues that the unifying ingredient of a story is Desire:

For better or worse, an event [the inciting incident] throws a character’s life out of balance, arousing in him the conscious and/or unconscious desire for that which he feels will restore balance, launching him on a Quest for his Object of Desire against forces of antagonism (inner, personal, extra-personal). He may or may not achieve it. This is story in a nutshell. (p.196-197)

McKee’s notion that the story begins with a disturbance of equilibrium that motivates the protagonists(s) to ‘restore balance”, is reminiscent of Toldorov. By describing this as a ‘Quest’, it is more similar to Campbell.

These theories are similar because they emphasize the idea that is story is held together by the goal-directed agency of its protagonists. Mckee’s theory seems particularly plausible. However, I believe that it is incorrect. We can see it is wrong by considering how many stories do not fit the formula. In Othello, for instance, the protagonist has no clear desire until towards the end (when he decides to kill Desdemona); it is Iago who possesses active desire, the desire to destroy Othello, and it is Iago who drives the story forward. In King Lear, Lear sets the story in motion by giving his kingdom away to two of his daughters but, for the rest of the play, he is simply responding to the actions of others. In Moby Dick, the story is driven by Ahab’s monomaniacal obsession but it is Ishmael who is the protagonist. In Benny and Joon the romance between Sam and Joon drives the story forward but it is Benny’s reactions to this romance that is the focus. In all these examples, the protagonist is reactive rather than active.

What drives a story forward is not the desire of the protagonist but the way he reacts to the situations in which he finds himself. The protagonist is not ‘the desiring agent’ but a surrogate for the audience; the question a story always asks its audience is, “What might I do if I was this character in the same situation?” If the protagonist of a story decides, for no reason, to rob a bank, we do not identify with him. If he is put in a situation where he has no choice except to rob a bank (because he is up to his eyeballs in debt, perhaps), then we identify with him. Even Star Wars (Lucas, 1977), the modern paradigm for a well-structured narrative, presents a protagonist who is reactive rather than active. Luke’s first desire is to find Obiwan Kinobe; later it is to rescue the princess; in the last act it is to help destroy the Death Star. Each time he changes his desire it is as a reaction to his circumstances. The intention of the film, to be sure, is to show that Good triumphs over Evil, but Luke does not begin the story with a burning desire to destroy the Death Star, nor formulate this desire as a response to the princess’s plea for help. He ends up the hero without ever seeking to become it. Luke’s desire changes and, I believe, this is what many of the best stories show. They dramatize how a character’s desires change as a reaction to different situations.

Generally speaking, then, the protagonist does not drive the plot forward but is rather caught up in it. Other examples that show this include A Nightmare on Elm Street (Craven, 1984) and Friday the 13th  (Cunningham, 1980). In horror films, the protagonist’s ‘desire’ (if we can call it that) is simply to stay alive; in no way, though, can this be compared to a Quest.  It is not necessary for a protagonist to have a constant desire. This is important to my film because its protagonist Jess has no well-defined desire; I worried about this when I was writing it. I now believe, however, that the convention that the story should begin with a character determining to achieve a goal and ending with him attaining it is more the exception than the rule.

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This could be better written but the point is solid. McKee is wrong. Perhaps in a later post I will elaborate on the other idea of the protagonist of a story reacting to it rather than be an active driver. It is true of virtually all stories.